Yoruba Circular, Carved, Wooden Divination Board (Opon Ifa)

This divination board (Opon Ifa) is circular in shape and carved with a prominent face on its top. The face represents Eshu, the messenger deity who acts as a medium between the human and spirit realms. Its eyes are almond-shaped and the lips are pursed.

Other symbolic motifs carved into the rim include sacred mudfish, birds and rabbits.

The presence of mudfish (egedu) is important. The mudfish has an mythical component to the Yoruba, due to its capacity to move between two realms – between land and water. It was adopted as a symbol of wealth and power by the rulers.

The centre of the board has a depression to accommodate the various sacred materials used in the divination process, which includes tapping on the surface with a horn, bone, or ivory tapper. As a consequence, tapping marks can be seen on the surface.

The board has been much used and highly valued – at one point it split in halves and importantly, rather than being discarded, the two halves were rejoined with hand-forged iron staples perhaps because this particular board was regraded as having highly magical properties.

It is this ‘native’ repair which makes this board especially interesting. The repair is also authenticating.

During the ifa divination rituals, a highly-trained priest called a babalawo would make single or double marks in wood powder on the divination board until one of the 256 available odus is created. Odus is a set of traditional verses that represents thousands of years of observation, predictions; and both mundane and spiritual prescriptions.

The term babalawo translates as ‘the father of ancient wisdom’. He is the medium between humans and Yoruba mythical deities such as Orunmila, the spirit of wisdom who governs humans’ destiny and prophecy, and Eshu the messenger who delivers knowledge and guidance in times of trouble. The babalawo would sprinkle pulverised wood or yam flour across the central part of the board and tap rhythmically on it with the tapper (iroke ifa) to invoke the presence of Orunmila. A bowl (agere ifa) was used to contain sixteen sacred palm nuts (ikins), each of which was required to have at least three ‘eyes’. The nuts were then grouped in one hand, and then shifted to the another hand at once. Any palm nuts that remained in the original hand, desirably one or two, were counted and marked, all as part of the process of divining the messages from the deities.

In 2005, UNESCO added the divination system of the Yorubas to its list of ‘Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity’.

The Yoruba form one of the largest tribes in West Africa. There are 30 million Yoruba people in West Africa. They are predominant in Nigeria where 21% of the Nigerian population are Yoruba. Most still speak Yoruba language. Today, 60% of the Yoruba are Christian and 30% are Muslim. However, many, especially in rural areas, still practise old Yoruba traditions such as Ifa divination. Among those outside Nigeria to claim Yoruba descent are the singer Beyonce and the current UK Opposition leader and leader of the Conservative Party, Kemi Badenoch.

The divination board here has ample signs of use and age. The patina is good and the repairs themselves have clear age and good patina.