Nigerian Ibibio Wooden Ekpo Society Dance Mask with Articulated Jaw

This dramatic mask has a strong visual presence from its bold carving and superb patina. It would have been worn by an Ibibio male performer, most likely for an Ekpo society ritual. The mask has an excellent, dark and encrusted patina.

It has a full face, large oblong eyes, and a gaping mouth with sharp, pointy, whitened teeth, top and bottom, surrounded by wide lips. The jaw is articulated – it is carved separately and attached to the rest of the mask with textile ties.

There is a pair of oval-shaped tubes carved to the top of the head. The end of one is coloured with white ochre and the head of the other with orange ochre.

The edge of the mask has been drilled with holes for the attachment of raffia.

See lot 214, ‘Art Africain, Oceanien et Precolombien’, Christie’s, Paris, June 7, 2005, for a related Ibibio mask example also with an articulated jaw. And lot 60, Sotheby’s New York, ‘Important Tribal Art’, May 5, 1997, for another Ibibio mask, Lempertz (Brussels), ‘Art of Africa, the Pacific and the Americas’, May 10, 2023, lot 82, for another.

Also Hooper (1997, p. 160-161) for a related example in the Sainsbury Collection, University of East Anglia.

The Ibibio people are a coastal people in southern Nigeria. They are mostly found in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom, and Eastern Abia regions.  They have their own Ibibio dialect. The Ibibio Union asked the British for recognition as a sovereign nation during the colonial period.

The cult of Ekpo was a significant religious-political structure that was a significant part of the broader traditional Ibibio political organisation. Mystical Ekpo ritual and ceremonies were an important element and masks were the most important accoutrement in the rituals.

Typically, Ekpo society masks distort the face in an almost cartoon-like way, over-emphasising certain features for example. Often this was based on actual disfigurement, possibly disease-related There were both male and female masks – the male masks were painted in dark ‘evil’ colours and the female masks in light colours. Woven raffia was attached to the mask and the raffia was draped over the dancer’s body. The Ekpo society was however a men’s secret society.

The society was decentralised – every village had its own lodge. The Ekpo festival was held in October, after the yam harvest. The society’s job was to protect the community by magical and religious means. The masks would be repainted and re-oiled each year, giving rise to an encrusted patina for older masks. Most society members owned their own masks and when not in use would be hung where termites could not reach them.

The mask is an excellent example and most probably came to the UK during the colonial era. It is in fine condition, and with clear age.