Four Ancient, East Javanese ‘Jatim’ Glass Beads

These four millefiori and mosaic glass beads are from East Java, Indonesia, and date to around 600-800AD. Such beads have become known as ‘Jatim’ beads, an amalgam of Jawa Timur (East Java) which is where the beads are believed to have been made. It is believed that the beads are inspired by post-Roman Islamic beads that would have been traded to Java in ancient times by Arab traders and then copied locally. Sometimes, Jatim beads are referred to as ‘Majapahit’ beads, but the Majapahit kingdom, which was based in East Java, dates to the 13th-16th century and so post-dates these beads by at least several centuries.

Monochrome or polychrome, Jatim beads are distinguished by a thin layer of mosaic canes or pre-formed stripes and patterns over a monochrome core (Liu, 1995, p. 92).

As is typical of Jatim beads, those with a more yellow hue are most susceptible to devitrification, a characteristic of this stand which tends to be authenticating.

It is likely that Jatim beads had various functions. Java at the time was home to both Hinduism and Buddhism. These two religions co-existed and both call for the use of rosaries or related beads strands and it seems that Jatim beads might have been used for this purpose. They might also have been purely decorative and being expensive, would have served as a show of wealth, power and prestige. They also served as grave goods.

A final odd element in the story of Jatim beads is that at some point (probably between 600 and 900 AD), the beads were traded from East Java to Palau Island, the western-most island in the Carolinas, an island archipelago in Micronesia, in the Pacific Ocean, where they circulated as an effective store of wealth and means of exchange among the islanders. They became, and still are, important social status, heirloom items. Interestingly, the islanders consider only the Jatim beads that have been on their island for hundreds of years or more and which have a ‘known’ history to be valuable and appropriate for rituals. Jatim beads, even if genuine and over a thousand years old but brought recently from East Java are not considered to have the same ‘power’. (Francis, 2002, p. 190).

Each of the beads here has a good patina and good wear.